Volume 11, Issue 1 (2026)
SJMR 2026, 11(1): 5-11 |
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Nateghi M R, Sanaye Naderi M, Mohammadian H. A Review of The Causes, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences of Second-Trimester Breakthrough Bleeding (BTB). SJMR 2026; 11 (1) : 2
URL: http://saremjrm.com/article-1-387-en.html
URL: http://saremjrm.com/article-1-387-en.html
1- Sarem Gynecology, Obstetrics and Infertility Research Center, Sarem Women’s Hospital, Iran University of Medical Science (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. & Sarem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Sarem Women’s Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
2- Sarem Gynecology, Obstetrics and Infertility Research Center, Sarem Women’s Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. & Sarem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Sarem Women’s Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
3- Sarem Gynecology, Obstetrics and Infertility Research Center, Sarem Women’s Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2- Sarem Gynecology, Obstetrics and Infertility Research Center, Sarem Women’s Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. & Sarem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Sarem Women’s Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
3- Sarem Gynecology, Obstetrics and Infertility Research Center, Sarem Women’s Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract: (24 Views)
Bleeding during pregnancy is a major clinical challenge and can range from benign to life-threatening for both maternal and fetus. In the second trimester, breakthrough bleeding (abnormal vaginal bleeding in the presence of an ongoing normal pregnancy and in the absence of signs of labor or miscarriage) is a relatively rare but significant phenomenon.
Possible causes include hormonal changes, cervical abnormalities, early placental lesions, or damage to the decidua. Given the lack of scientific literature focused on BTB in this period of pregnancy, a comprehensive review and analysis of the available literature is necessary to clarify the underlying factors and clinical management.
Possible causes include hormonal changes, cervical abnormalities, early placental lesions, or damage to the decidua. Given the lack of scientific literature focused on BTB in this period of pregnancy, a comprehensive review and analysis of the available literature is necessary to clarify the underlying factors and clinical management.
Article number: 2
Keywords: Second-Trimester Breakthrough Bleeding (BTB), Causes, Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Clinical Consequences, Review Article.
Article Type: Analytical Review |
Subject:
Pregnancy Care
Received: 2026/04/18 | Accepted: 2026/05/2 | Published: 2026/06/3
Received: 2026/04/18 | Accepted: 2026/05/2 | Published: 2026/06/3
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